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sudden expansion

  • 1 sudden expansion

    1. внезапное расширение

     

    внезапное расширение

    [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > sudden expansion

  • 2 sudden expansion

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > sudden expansion

  • 3 sudden expansion

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > sudden expansion

  • 4 sudden expansion

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > sudden expansion

  • 5 sudden expansion

    Авиасловарь > sudden expansion

  • 6 sudden expansion flow

    Авиасловарь > sudden expansion flow

  • 7 expansion

    2) матем. разложение в ряд; раскрытие формулы
    3) машиностр. вальцовка; раскатка
    9) строит. относительное утолщение образца
    -
    adiabatic expansion
    -
    after expansion
    -
    bandwidth expansion
    -
    bursting expansion
    -
    complete expansion
    -
    cone expansion
    -
    continuous lattice expansion
    -
    contrast expansion
    -
    cubical expansion
    -
    data expansion
    -
    disruptive expansion
    -
    dry expansion
    -
    equibiaxial expansion
    -
    Fourier expansion
    -
    freezing expansion
    -
    glacier expansion
    -
    hardware expansion
    -
    harmonic expansion
    -
    heat expansion
    -
    incomplete expansion
    -
    isothermal expansion
    -
    Karhunen-Loeve expansion
    -
    lateral expansion
    -
    line expansion
    -
    macro expansion
    -
    memory expansion
    -
    mixed expansion
    -
    permanent expansion
    -
    power-series expansion
    -
    refrigerant expansion
    -
    reversible expansion
    -
    scan expansion
    -
    series expansion
    -
    spectral expansion
    -
    steam expansion
    -
    sudden expansion
    -
    sweep expansion
    -
    system expansion
    -
    thermal expansion
    -
    time expansion
    -
    time-base expansion
    -
    Trauzl lead-block expansion
    -
    volume expansion
    -
    volumetric expansion
    -
    wet expansion

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > expansion

  • 8 expansion

    binomial expansion
    envelope expansion
    heat-generated expansion
    partial fraction expansion
    series expansion
    sudden expansion
    supersonic expansion
    Taylor series expansion

    Авиасловарь > expansion

  • 9 sudden industrial expansion

    English-Dutch dictionary > sudden industrial expansion

  • 10 expansion

    n. uitbreiding, uitzetting
    [ ikspænsjn]
    uitbreidinguitgezet deel, vergroting
    expansieuitbreiding, uitzetting
    expansie(graad)vergroting, (commerciële) groei
    voorbeelden:
    1   expansion of gas may be dangerous de uitzetting van gas kan gevaarlijk zijn
         sudden industrial expansion plotselinge industriële groei

    English-Dutch dictionary > expansion

  • 11 внезапное расширение

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > внезапное расширение

  • 12 внезапное расширение

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > внезапное расширение

  • 13 flow

    1. течение; истечение; поток; обтекание/ течь; протекать
    2. расход <жидкости, газа>
    3. ход; процесс
    flow along a corner
    flow in chemical equilibrium
    flow of momentum
    adiabatic flow
    afterburner fuel flow
    afterburner main fuel flow
    afterburner pilot fuel flow
    air injection mass flow
    airfoil flow
    arrival flow
    attached flow
    axisymmetric flow
    axisymmetrical flow
    backward-facing step flow
    baroclinic flow
    barotropic flow
    base flow
    blade flow
    Blasius flow
    bleed flow
    blood flow
    body-glove flow
    boundary layer flow
    bypass flow
    cavitation flow
    cavity flow
    channel flow
    chemically reacting flow
    choked flow
    Coanda flow
    combusting flow
    compressible flow
    conical flow
    conically symmetric flow
    continuum fluid flow
    core flow
    Couette flow
    cross flow
    curved flow
    data flow
    dissociated flow
    divergent flow
    engine fuel flow
    entrained flow
    entrainment induced flow
    entrance flow
    equilibrium flow
    exhaust flow
    forebody flow
    fountain flow
    free molecular flow
    frozen flow
    fuel flow
    fully attached flow
    fully detached flow
    fully developed turbulent flow
    ground idle fuel flow
    heat flow
    high-Reynolds number flow
    high-Reynolds-number flow
    high-speed flow
    hot flow
    hypersonic flow
    ideal thrust mass flow
    idle fuel flow
    inboard flow
    incompressible flow
    inlet flow
    inlet mass flow
    intake flow
    intermittent flow
    inviscid flow
    irrotational flow
    isentropic flow
    isothermal flow
    jet flow
    laminar flow
    leading-edge flow
    lift-producing flow
    low-energy flow
    low-speed flow
    low-temperature flow
    lower-surface flow
    main burner fuel flow
    main engine fuel flow
    mass flow
    mean flow
    melt flow
    mixed flow
    multiphase flow
    multishocked flow
    near-critical flow
    near-wake flow
    near-wall flow
    nearly choked flow
    Newtonian flow
    nonisentropic flow
    nonequilibrium flow
    nozzle flow
    nozzle mass flow
    one-dimensional flow
    one-phase flow
    optical flow
    oscillatory flow
    over-the-wing flow
    particle-laden flow
    passenger flow
    perturbed flow
    Poiseuille flow
    potential flow
    primary flow
    protuberance-induced flow
    rarefied flow
    recirculating flow
    recirculation flow
    reversal flow
    reverse flow
    reverser mass flow
    root flow
    rotating flow
    rotational flow
    rotor flow
    secondary flow
    separated flow
    separating flow
    separation flow
    separation-induced flow
    shear flow
    shock interference flow
    shocked flow
    sinusoidally perturbed flow
    slip flow
    spanwise flow
    spiral flow
    stable flow
    steady flow
    subcritical flow
    subcritical mass flow
    subsonic flow
    suction flow
    suction mass flow
    sudden expansion flow
    supercritical flow
    supersonic flow
    swirling flow
    tailplane flow
    three-dimensional flow
    tip flow
    traffic flow
    tranquil flow
    transient flow
    transitional flow
    transonic flow
    turbulent flow
    two-dimensional flow
    two-phase flow
    unblown flow
    unconfined flow
    uniform flow
    unsteady flow
    up-wash flow
    viscous flow
    viscous-dominated flow
    vortex flow
    vortex-dominated flow
    vortex-free flow
    vortex-like flow
    vortex-type flow
    vortical flow
    wake-like flow
    wall-bounded flow
    wing flow
    zero-lift flow

    Авиасловарь > flow

  • 14 boom

    I noun
    1) (for camera or microphone) Ausleger, der
    2) (Naut.) Baum, der
    3) (floating barrier) [schwimmende] Absperrung
    II 1. intransitive verb
    1) dröhnen; [Kanone, Wellen, Brandung:] dröhnen, donnern
    2) [Geschäft, Verkauf, Stadt, Gebiet:] sich sprunghaft entwickeln; [Preise, Aktien:] rapide steigen

    business is boomingdas Geschäft boomt od. erlebt einen Boom; die Geschäfte florieren

    2. noun
    1) (of gun, waves) Dröhnen, das; Donnern, das
    2) (in business) [sprunghafter] Aufschwung; Boom, der; (in prices) [rapider] Anstieg
    3) (period of economic expansion) Hochkonjunktur, die; Boom, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/84768/boom_out">boom out
    * * *
    I 1. [bu:m] noun
    (a sudden increase in a business etc: a boom in the sales of TV sets.) der Aufschwung
    2. verb
    (to increase suddenly (and profitably): Business is booming this week.) einen Aufschwung machen
    II 1. [bu:m] verb
    ((often with out) to make a hollow sound, like a large drum or gun: His voice boomed out over the loudspeaker.) dröhnen
    2. noun
    (such a sound.) das Dröhnen
    * * *
    boom1
    [bu:m]
    I. vi florieren, boomen fam
    II. n Boom m, Aufschwung m, Hochkonjunktur f; STOCKEX Hausse f
    \boom and bust rascher Aufschwung, dem der Zusammenbruch folgt
    a consumer/property \boom ein Konsum-/Immobilienboom m
    a \boom in the sale of property [or in the property market] ein Immobilienboom m
    \boom phase Haussephase f
    \boom share steigende Aktie
    III. n modifier florierend
    a \boom time Hochkonjunktur f
    a \boom town eine aufstrebende Stadt
    a \boom year ein Jahr nt des Aufschwungs
    the \boom years die Jahre wirtschaftlichen Aufschwungs
    boom2
    [bu:m]
    I. n Dröhnen nt kein pl
    II. vi
    to \boom [out] dröhnen
    III. vt
    to \boom [out] sth etw mit dröhnender Stimme befehlen
    boom3
    [bu:m]
    n
    2. NAUT Baum m
    3. FILM, TV Galgen m
    * * *
    I [buːm]
    n
    1) (= barrier across river etc) Sperre f; (at factory gate etc) Schranke f
    2) (NAUT) Baum m
    3) (TECH) Ladebaum m; (= jib of crane) Ausleger m
    4) (for microphone) Galgen m
    II
    1. n
    (of sea, waves, wind) Brausen nt; (of thunder) Hallen nt; (of guns) Donnern nt; (of organ, voice) Dröhnen nt
    2. vi
    1) (sea, wind) brausen; (thunder) hallen
    2) (organ, person, voice) dröhnen; (guns) donnern
    3. interj
    bum III
    1. vi
    (trade, sales) einen Aufschwung nehmen, boomen (inf); (prices) anziehen, in die Höhe schnellen
    2. n
    (of business fig) Boom m, Aufschwung m; (= period of economic growth) Hochkonjunktur f; (of prices) Preissteigerung f
    * * *
    boom1 [buːm]
    A s
    1. Dröhnen n, Donner m, Brausen n:
    2. Schrei m
    B v/i
    1. dröhnen (Stimme etc), donnern (Geschütz etc), brausen (Wellen etc)
    2. schreien (Rohrdommel etc)
    C v/t meist boom out dröhnen(d äußern)
    boom2 [buːm] s
    1. SCHIFF Baum m, Ausleger m (als Hafen- oder Flusssperrgerät)
    2. SCHIFF Baum m, Spiere f:
    fore boom Schonerbaum
    3. pl SCHIFF Barring f
    4. US Schwimmbaum m (zum Auffangen des Floßholzes)
    5. TECH Ausleger m (eines Krans), Ladebaum m
    6. FILM, TV (Mikrofon) Galgen m
    boom3 [buːm]
    A s
    1. WIRTSCH Boom m:
    a) Hochkonjunktur f
    b) Börse: Hausse f
    c) (plötzlicher) (wirtschaftlicher oder geschäftlicher) Aufschwung, sprunghafte Entwicklung:
    boom market Haussemarkt m;
    boom town Stadt, die sich sprunghaft entwickelt;
    boom years Jahre der Hochkonjunktur;
    curb ( oder check) the boom die Konjunktur bremsen
    2. besonders US
    a) Reklamerummel m, (aufdringliche) Propaganda, Stimmungsmache f (besonders für einen Wahlkandidaten)
    b) anwachsende Stimmung für einen Kandidaten
    3. besonders US
    a) kometenhafter Aufstieg
    b) Blüte(zeit) f, große Zeit, auch (Zeit f der) Popularität f
    B v/i
    1. WIRTSCH boomen:
    a) einen Boom erleben, Hochkonjunktur haben
    b) einen (plötzlichen) (wirtschaftlichen oder geschäftlichen) Aufschwung nehmen, sich sprunghaft entwickeln (Stadt etc)
    2. in die Höhe schnellen, rapide (an)steigen (Kurse, Preise)
    3. besonders US sehr rasch an Popularität gewinnen (Person)
    C v/t
    1. hochpeitschen, zu einer rapiden (Aufwärts)Entwicklung zwingen, Preise (künstlich) in die Höhe treiben
    2. besonders US die Werbetrommel rühren für
    * * *
    I noun
    2) (Naut.) Baum, der
    3) (floating barrier) [schwimmende] Absperrung
    II 1. intransitive verb
    1) dröhnen; [Kanone, Wellen, Brandung:] dröhnen, donnern
    2) [Geschäft, Verkauf, Stadt, Gebiet:] sich sprunghaft entwickeln; [Preise, Aktien:] rapide steigen

    business is boomingdas Geschäft boomt od. erlebt einen Boom; die Geschäfte florieren

    2. noun
    1) (of gun, waves) Dröhnen, das; Donnern, das
    2) (in business) [sprunghafter] Aufschwung; Boom, der; (in prices) [rapider] Anstieg
    3) (period of economic expansion) Hochkonjunktur, die; Boom, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (sailing ships) n.
    Baum ¨-e m. n.
    Andrang -¨e m.
    Aufschwung m.
    Ausleger - (Kran) m.
    Boom -s m.
    Brausen - n.
    Donner m.
    Dröhnen -reien n.
    Hochkonjunktur f.
    Konjunktur f.
    Spiere -n (Schiff) f. v.
    boomen v.
    brausen (Wellen) v.
    donnern v.
    dröhnen v.
    einen Boom erleben ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > boom

  • 15 rapid

    1. adjective
    schnell [Bewegung, Wachstum, Puls]; rasch [Folge, Bewegung, Fortschritt, Ausbreitung, Änderung]; rapide [Niedergang]; steil [Abstieg]; reißend [Gewässer, Strömung]; stark [Gefälle, Strömung]

    there has been a rapid declinees ging rapide abwärts

    2. noun in pl.
    * * *
    ['ræpid]
    (quick; fast: He made some rapid calculations; He looked feverish and had a rapid pulse.) schnell
    - academic.ru/90705/rapidly">rapidly
    - rapidity
    - rapidness
    - rapids
    * * *
    rap·id
    [ˈræpɪd]
    1. (quick) schnell
    \rapid change/growth/expansion rascher Wandel/rasches Wachstum/rasche Expansion
    \rapid improvement schnelle Verbesserung
    \rapid increase/rise rapider [o steiler] Anstieg
    to have made a \rapid recovery sich akk schnell erholt haben
    \rapid progress rascher Fortschritt
    to make \rapid strides große Fortschritte machen, gut vorankommen
    2. (sudden) plötzlich
    * * *
    ['rpɪd]
    1. adj
    schnell; action, movement also rasch; improvement, change, spread also rapide; decline, rise rapide, steil; smile kurz; loss of heat plötzlich; river, waterfall reißend; slope, descent steil
    2. n rapids
    3. pl (GEOG)
    Stromschnellen pl

    to ride or run the rapidsdie Stromschnellen hinunterfahren

    * * *
    rapid [ˈræpıd]
    A adj (adv rapidly)
    1. schnell, rasch, rapid(e), Schnell…:
    rapid eye movement sleep PSYCH REM-Schlaf m;
    rapid fire MIL Schnellfeuer n;
    rapid reaction ( oder deployment) force MIL schnelle Eingreiftruppe;
    a rapid river ein reißender Fluss;
    rapid storage COMPUT Schnellspeicher m;
    rapid transit US Schnellnahverkehr m; succession 1
    2. jäh, steil (Hang)
    3. FOTO
    a) lichtstark (Objektiv)
    b) hochempfindlich (Film)
    B s pl Stromschnellen pl
    * * *
    1. adjective
    schnell [Bewegung, Wachstum, Puls]; rasch [Folge, Bewegung, Fortschritt, Ausbreitung, Änderung]; rapide [Niedergang]; steil [Abstieg]; reißend [Gewässer, Strömung]; stark [Gefälle, Strömung]
    2. noun in pl.
    * * *
    adj.
    Schnell- präfix.
    reißend adj.
    schnell adj.

    English-german dictionary > rapid

  • 16 rapid

    rap·id [ʼræpɪd] adj
    1) ( quick) schnell;
    \rapid change/ growth/ expansion rascher Wandel/rasches Wachstum/rasche Expansion;
    \rapid improvement schnelle Verbesserung;
    \rapid increase/ rise rapider [o steiler] Anstieg;
    to have made a \rapid recovery sich akk schnell erholt haben;
    \rapid progress rascher Fortschritt;
    to make \rapid strides große Fortschritte machen, gut vorankommen
    2) ( sudden) plötzlich

    English-German students dictionary > rapid

  • 17 boom

    I
    1. bu:m noun
    (a sudden increase in a business etc: a boom in the sales of TV sets.) boom, auge

    2. verb
    (to increase suddenly (and profitably): Business is booming this week.) estar en auge

    II
    1. bu:m verb
    ((often with out) to make a hollow sound, like a large drum or gun: His voice boomed out over the loudspeaker.) retumbar

    2. noun
    (such a sound.)
    tr[bʊːm]
    1 SMALLMARITIME/SMALL botalón nombre masculino
    3 (of crane) brazo
    4 (barrier) barrera
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    ————————
    tr[bʊːm]
    1 (noise) estampido, retumbo
    1 tronar, retumbar
    1 ¡bum!
    intransitive verb to boom / boom out
    1 (voice) resonar
    ————————
    tr[bʊːm]
    1 figurative use (prosperity, increase) boom nombre masculino, auge nombre masculino
    1 (prosper) estar en auge
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    boom years años de prosperidad
    population boom explosión nombre femenino demográfica
    boom ['bu:m] vi
    1) thunder: tronar, resonar
    2) flourish, prosper: estar en auge, prosperar
    boom n
    1) booming: bramido m, estruendo m
    2) flourishing: auge m
    population boom: auge de población
    n.
    tan s.m.
    n.
    auge s.m.
    auge repentino s.m.
    estampido s.m.
    prosperidad s.f.
    retumbo s.m.
    trueno s.m.
    v.
    estar en auge v.
    fomentar v.

    I buːm
    1) (Econ, Fin) boom m; (before n)

    boom industryindustria f en auge

    2) (sound - of waves, wind) bramido m; (- of guns, explosion) estruendo m

    II
    1) \<\<guns\>\> tronar*; \<\<voice/thunder\>\> retumbar
    2) (usu in -ing form) \<\<market/industry\>\> vivir un boom
    Phrasal Verbs:

    I
    [buːm]
    N
    1) (Naut) botalón m, botavara f
    2) (across harbour) barrera f
    3) [of crane] aguilón m ; [of microphone] jirafa f

    II [buːm]
    1.
    N [of guns] estruendo m, estampido m ; [of thunder] retumbo m, trueno m
    2.
    VI [voice, radio] (also: boom out) resonar, retumbar; [sea] bramar; [gun] tronar, retumbar
    3.
    VT (also: boom out) tronar
    4.
    CPD

    boom box * N(US) radiocasete m portátil (muy grande)


    III [buːm]
    1.
    N (in an industry) auge m, boom m ; (=period of growth) expansión f
    2.
    VI [prices] estar en alza; [commodity] tener mucha demanda; [industry, town] gozar de un boom, estar en auge
    3.
    CPD

    boom economy Neconomía f de alza

    boom market Nmercado m de alza

    boom town Nciudad f beneficiaria del auge

    * * *

    I [buːm]
    1) (Econ, Fin) boom m; (before n)

    boom industryindustria f en auge

    2) (sound - of waves, wind) bramido m; (- of guns, explosion) estruendo m

    II
    1) \<\<guns\>\> tronar*; \<\<voice/thunder\>\> retumbar
    2) (usu in -ing form) \<\<market/industry\>\> vivir un boom
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > boom

  • 18 Economy

       Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.
       For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.
       Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.
       Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.
       During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.
       After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Economy

  • 19 Henry, Joseph

    [br]
    b. 17 December 1797 Albany, New York, USA
    d. 13 May 1878 Washington, DC, USA
    [br]
    American scientist after whom the unit of inductance is named.
    [br]
    Sent to stay with relatives at the age of 6 because of the illness of his father, when the latter died in 1811 Henry was apprenticed to a silversmith and then turned to the stage. Whilst he was ill himself, a book on science fired his interest and he began studying at Albany Academy, working as a tutor to finance his studies. Initially intending to pursue medicine, he then spent some time as a surveyor before becoming Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Albany Academy in 1826. There he became interested in the improvement of electromagnets and discovered that the use of an increased number of turns of wire round the core greatly increased their power; by 1831 he was able to supply to Yale a magnet capable of lifting almost a ton weight. During this time he also discovered the principles of magnetic induction and self-inductance. In the same year he made, but did not patent, a cable telegraph system capable of working over a distance of 1 mile (1.6 km). It was at this time, too, that he found that adiabatic expansion of gases led to their sudden cooling, thus paving the way for the development of refrigerators. For this he was recommended for, but never received, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. Five years later he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at New Jersey College (later Princeton University), where he deduced the laws governing the operation of transformers and observed that changes in magnetic flux induced electric currents in conductors. Later he also observed that spark discharges caused electrical effects at a distance. He therefore came close to the discovery of radio waves. In 1836 he was granted a year's leave of absence and travelled to Europe, where he was able to meet Michael Faraday. It was with his help that in 1844 Samuel Morse set up the first patented electric telegraph, but, sadly, the latter seems to have reaped all the credit and financial rewards. In 1846 he became the first secretary of the Washington Smithsonian Institute and did much to develop government support for scientific research. As a result of his efforts some 500 telegraph stations across the country were equipped with meteorological equipment to supply weather information by telegraph to a central location, a facility that eventually became the US National Weather Bureau. From 1852 he was a member of the Lighthouse Board, contributing to improvements in lighting and sound warning systems and becoming its chairman in 1871. During the Civil War he was a technical advisor to President Lincoln. He was a founder of the National Academy of Science and served as its President for eleven years.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, American Association for the Advancement of Science 1849. President, National Academy of Science 1893–1904. In 1893, to honour his work on induction, the International Congress of Electricians adopted the henry as the unit of inductance.
    Bibliography
    1824. "On the chemical and mechanical effects of steam". 1825. "The production of cold by the rarefaction of air".
    1832, "On the production of currents \& sparks of electricity \& magnetism", American
    Journal of Science 22:403.
    "Theory of the so-called imponderables", Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 6:84.
    Further Reading
    Smithsonian Institution, 1886, Joseph Henry, Scientific Writings, Washington DC.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Henry, Joseph

  • 20 effects of the electric arc inside switchgear and controlgear assemblу

    1. действие электрической дуги, возникающей внутри НКУ распределения и управления

     

    действие электрической дуги, возникающей внутри НКУ распределения и управления
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    Effects of the electric arc inside switchgear and controlgear assemblies

    In the proximity of the main boards, i.e. in the proximity of big electrical machines, such as transformers or generators, the short-circuit power is high and consequently also the energy associated with the electrical arc due to a fault is high.

    Without going into complex mathematical descriptions of this phenomenon, the first instants of arc formation inside a cubicle can be schematized in 4 phases:

    1. compression phase: in this phase the volume of the air where the arc develops is overheated owing to the continuous release of energy; due to convection and radiation the remaining volume of air inside the cubicle warms up; initially there are temperature and pressure values different from one zone to another;

    2. expansion phase: from the first instants of internal pressure increase a hole is formed through which the overheated air begins to go out. In this phase the pressure reaches its maximum value and starts to decrease owing to the release of hot air;

    3. emission phase: in this phase, due to the continuous contribution of energy by the arc, nearly all the air is forced out under a soft and almost constant overpressure;

    4. thermal phase: after the expulsion of the air, the temperature inside the switchgear reaches almost that of the electrical arc, thus beginning this final phase which lasts till the arc is quenched, when all the metals and the insulating materials coming into contact undergo erosion with production of gases, fumes and molten material particles.

    Should the electrical arc occur in open configurations, some of the described phases could not be present or could have less effect; however, there shall be a pressure wave and a rise in the temperature of the zones surrounding the arc.

    Being in the proximity of an electrical arc is quite dangerous; here are some data to understand how dangerous it is:

    • pressure: at a distance of 60 cm from an electrical arc associated with a 20 kA arcing fault a person can be subject to a force of 225 kg; moreover, the sudden pressure wave may cause permanent injuries to the eardrum;
    • arc temperatures: about 7000-8000 °C;
    • sound: electrical arc sound levels can reach 160 db, a shotgun blast only 130 db.

    [ABB]

    Действие электрической дуги, возникающей внутри НКУ распределения и управления

    Короткое замыкание вблизи больших силовых устройств, таких как трансформаторы или генераторы имеет очень большую мощность. Поэтому энергия электрической дуги, возникшей в результате короткого замыкания, очень большая.

    Не вдаваясь в сложное математическое описание данного явления, можно сказать, что первые мгновения формирования дуги внутри шкафа можно упрощенно разделить на четыре этапа:

    1. Этап сжатия: на этом этапе объем воздуха, в котором происходит зарождение дуги перегревается вследствие непрерывного высвобождения энергии. За счет конвекции и излучения оставшийся объем воздуха внутри шкафа нагревается. На этом начальном этапе значения температуры и давления воздуха в разных зонах НКУ разные.

    2. Этап расширения: с первых мгновений внутреннее давление создает канал, через который начинается движение перегретого воздуха. На этом этапе давление достигает своего максимального значения, после чего начинает уменьшаться вследствие выхода горячего воздуха.

    3. Этап эмиссии: на этом этапе вследствие непрерывного пополнения энергией дуги почти весь воздух выталкивается под действием мягкого и почти постоянного избыточного давления.

    4. Термический этап: после выхлопа воздуха температура внутри НКУ почти достигает температуры электрической дуги. Так начинается заключительный этап, который длится до тех пор, пока дуга не погаснет. При этом все металлические и изоляционные материалы, вступившие в контакт с дугой, оказываются подвергнутыми эрозии с выделением газов, дыма и частиц расплавленного материала.

    Если электрическая дуга возникнет в открытом НКУ, то некоторые из описанных этапов могут не присутствовать или могут иметь меньшее воздействие. Тем не менее будет иметь место воздушная волна и подъем температуры вблизи дуги.

    Находиться вблизи электрической дуги довольно опасно. Ниже приведены некоторые сведения, помогающие осознать эту опасность:

    • давление: На расстоянии 60 см от электрической дуги, вызванной током короткого замыкания 20 кА, человек может подвергнуться воздействию силы 225 кг. Более того, резкая волна давления может нанести тяжелую травму барабанным перепонкам;
    • температура дуги: около 7000-8000 °C;
    • шумовое воздействие: Уровень шумового воздействия электрической дуги может достигнуть 160 дБ (выстрел из дробовика – 130 дБ).

    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    • НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > effects of the electric arc inside switchgear and controlgear assemblу

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